Mia Colabrese, Author at Volpe Firm

3 03, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: Station Maintenance

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T15:43:18-04:00March 3rd, 2009|

While the UCD provides the language of the DOCSIS network, the Station Maintenance messaging is the proverbial "heartbeat" of the DOCSIS network. A station maintenance session consists of a Range Request sent from a cable and a Range Response sent by the CMTS. The CMTS analyzes the signal quality of the Range Request message and sends back any necessary RF adjustments in the Range Response message. This "handshake" between every cable modem and the CMTS must occur once every 30 seconds as dictated by the DOCSIS specification.

28 02, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: UCD

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T10:36:51-04:00February 28th, 2009|

Just as a picture is worth a thousand words, so is a complete Upstream Channel Descriptor (UCD) as seen by a cable modem. This message, sent every two seconds by the the CMTS, contains an enourmous amount of valuable information that every cable modem on a DOCSIS network needs to know in order to communicate. Often undervalued, the UCD is a virtual Hitchiker's Guide to the DOCSIS network! So without any further ado, let me show you an example of a full UCD message and then explain its contents further

22 02, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: Anatomy of a Burst

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T22:35:57-04:00February 22nd, 2009|

DOCSIS Cable Modem Data Burst Defined Previously I have discussed that cable modems share the upstream channel by using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This means that when a cable modem is not transmitting data its RF transmitter is turned off. In order to transmit data it must transmit a burst of data which contains a REQUEST to the CMTS. The REQUEST relays the cable modem's Service IDentifier and the number of bytes of information the modem has to transmit in its buffer. The CMTS prioritizes all incoming

16 02, 2009

Troubleshooting DOCSIS – VoIP Impairments > Delay & Jitter

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T15:54:55-04:00February 16th, 2009|

In this blog I will address delay and jitter as they pertain to VoIP in a DOCSIS network. Delay, jitter and packet loss are the three primary impairment in a VoIP network, but packet loss was addressed in my Troubleshooting DOCSIS - VoIP Impairments > Packet Loss blog. After packet loss, delay is the second most disruptive impairment in VoIP networks. The effects of delay to the caller generally appear as echo and talker overlap. In PSTN communications, echo can arise as acoustic echo between the mouthpiece and

15 02, 2009

Troubleshooting DOCSIS – VoIP Impairments > Packet Loss

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T15:45:30-04:00February 15th, 2009|

In this blog I am going to focus on VoIP packet loss, which is just one of the three (3) primary types of VoIP impairments that are present in a DOCSIS network. I will cover many RF and IP terms in this blog that I have not discussed in my previous tutorials, not to worry! This terminology is all fodder for future blogs. :-) To review, the three fundamental impairments which impact call quality of VoIP communications are as follows: * Packet Loss – The complete or partial loss of a packet containing actual voice payload. * Delay – The time a packet takes to traverse the space between the source and destination of a voice call. The space is comprised of both the physical distance the data must travel in addition to the active network routing and switching elements, which contribute additional delay. * Jitter – The variance of inter-packet arrival time from one transmitted packet to the next sequential packet.

13 02, 2009

Troubleshooting DOCSIS – VoIP Impairments

Mia Colabrese2023-02-18T10:49:47-05:00February 13th, 2009|

In this blog I am going to digress for a moment from my standard DOCSIS 101 tutorial and spend a little time on DOCSIS troubleshooting basics, especially with respect to Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP). I am doing this as due to many offline questions specific to this topic. Don't worry, though I may start to inter-mix some troubleshooting blogs now and again, just check the DOCSIS 101 page to stay on top of the latest DOCSIS tutorial blogs.

9 02, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: Cable Modem Registration

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T09:54:53-04:00February 9th, 2009|

Through DOCSIS tutorial seminars, I have found the most effective way to bring someone up to speed on DOCSIS communications is by teaching the cable modem registration process. During the registration process, we will cover the RF physical layer, theDOCSIS Media Access Layer (MAC) and the Internet Protocol (IP) layer. Yes, the cable modem exercises the first three layers of the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model)...

5 02, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: Upstream RF

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T13:29:04-04:00February 5th, 2009|

Cable modems use RF (radio frequency) signals to transport data over hybrid-fiber coax (HFC) networks according to the DOCSIS® specification. This blog will discuss the finer points extracted from the DOCSIS specification related to how cable modems communicate with the headend Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS), allowing two-way transport of Ethernet traffic over a cable TV network. There are currently three major revisions and one sub-revision of the DOCSIS specification; DOCSIS 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0. With each major revision came significant changes to the cable modem upstream specification because the upstream has typically been the bottleneck in terms of data through-put rates as will be discussed.

2 02, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: Advanced RF

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T13:36:52-04:00February 2nd, 2009|

In high speed data communications, the industry has evolved and implemented complex modulation schemes which vary a signals voltage (amplitude), phase, and frequency in order to transmit more data, faster. The following will cover these methods in order to describe how Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) works in DOCSIS communications. We live in an analog world. Sure, [...]

29 01, 2009

DOCSIS and Cable Modems – How it works :: RF Fundamentals

Mia Colabrese2021-08-17T09:58:12-04:00January 29th, 2009|

Most of us are quite comfortable with changing the dial on our FM radios. Don't like what's on Soft 95.1 FM, then change the frequency (Kenneth) to 102.5 FM for some classic rock. What you have actually done is changed the RF (radio frequency) tuner in your car stereo from a lower frequency of 95.1 MHz to a higher frequency of 102.5 MHz where there was a different station playing. The fact that two different stations were playing...

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